Contents
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Migrant Organizations among Working-class Indians (1947–1984) Migrant Organizations among Working-class Indians (1947–1984)
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1947–1962: Labor Migration after Indian Independence 1947–1962: Labor Migration after Indian Independence
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1962–1980: The Age of Mass Settlement 1962–1980: The Age of Mass Settlement
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1984–2012: The Changing Patterns of Organizational Transnationalism 1984–2012: The Changing Patterns of Organizational Transnationalism
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1975 to the Early Eighties: Structuring of the Sangh Parivar 1975 to the Early Eighties: Structuring of the Sangh Parivar
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Power Shift among the Sikhs: The Khalistani Movement Power Shift among the Sikhs: The Khalistani Movement
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The Political Background in India and the UK: The Evolution of Integration and Diasporic Policies The Political Background in India and the UK: The Evolution of Integration and Diasporic Policies
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Diasporization and Diversification of the Indian Organizational Field Diasporization and Diversification of the Indian Organizational Field
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Ethnicization and Development: The Two Sides of the Diasporization of the Indian Organizational Field Ethnicization and Development: The Two Sides of the Diasporization of the Indian Organizational Field
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The Neoliberal Underpinnings of Indian Diasporic Policy The Neoliberal Underpinnings of Indian Diasporic Policy
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The Cross-border Extensions of the UK-based Indian Organizational Field Today The Cross-border Extensions of the UK-based Indian Organizational Field Today
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Notes Notes
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8 Periodizing Indian Organizational Transnationalism in the United Kingdom
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Published:August 2016
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Abstract
This chapter discusses the long-term evolution of the Indian organizational field in the United Kingdom and its transnational extensions. It distinguishes four main periods. The first one, from 1947 (year of India's independence) until the early sixties is the age of pioneer migrants, characterized by the informality of migrant organizations, except for a handful of large political associations supporting the fight for independence in the origin country. The second period is the one of the structuration of the organizational field at the local and national levels. The third period, during the eighties, is a period of transition marked by political unrest that affected Punjab between 1984 and 1992, and the surge of the Khalistani movement (a movement supportive of Punjab independence during the Indo-Punjab conflict in the late nineties). The fourth and last period started with the end of the conflict in Punjab and the outbreak of the financial crisis in India, which led the Indian government to adopt a new behavior toward its diaspora. Throughout this historical account, the intent is to elicit the factors that underpin the evolution of migrant organizational fields. The chapter links the main periods of the organizational life not only to the features of the Indian community, but also to its national and international context. Particular attention is paid to the following factors: composition and orientation of immigrant flows; the class and ethnic characteristics of the Indian population and their evolution over time; the social movements and conflicts in the host and origin settings; and the policies implemented by sending and receiving states.
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